Statistics methods and applications free ebook

Rights and permissions. Springer policies. Officially cited as: Stat Methods Appl Fosters the development of statistical methodology and its applications in biological, demographic, economic, health, physical, social, and other domains Emphasizes investigations of methodological foundations and methods that have broad applications. Latest issue. Latest articles Discussion to: Bayesian graphical models for modern biological applications by Y.

Ni, V. The two strategies are therefore equally effective and either can be adopted by the company. It appears the least effective. The remaining two strategies Sophisticated and Trendy are equally effective and therefore either can be adopted by the company to promote its new ladies deodorant. These differences do appear to be significant. Therefore conclude that there is at least one sector with a different mean leverage ratio relative to the other sectors.

By inspection, the banking sector has the lowest mean leverage ratio, while construction and manufacturing appear to have similarly high mean leverage ratios. Recommendation The investor is advised to consider either the banking sector with the lowest mean leverage ratio or the technology sector with a marginally higher mean leverage ratio.

This difference may not be statistically significant. The population mean leverage ratios between the Technology and the the Banking sector are therefore likely to be equal.

Their mean leverage ratios are likely to be equal. Since both sectors offer an investor the same lower risk, either or both can be chosen for investment. Therefore conclude that there is at least one training method with a different mean performance score relative to the other training methods. By inspection, the lecture and audio-visual are the least effective lower mean scores , while on-the-job and the role-play methods are more effective with higher mean scores.

Recommendation The training manager is advised to consider either on-the-job training or use role play methods The difference does not appear to be statistically significant. The population mean performance scores between the two training methods is likely to be the same. Both are likely to produce similar high mean performance scores. In two-factor ANOVA, two categorical factors are used to explain possible differences between the observed sample means.

It is constructed from the sample means of the various combinations of the different factor levels. Alternatively, its p-value 0. If Arts graduates are employed, they must be given intensive marketing training. Hence all switch devices are likely to have the same average dropped call rate. Factor: Interaction effect Since F-stat 4. By contrast, average rubber wastage of radial tyres is lowest on TAM3 3. Correlation analysis measures the strength of the relationship between the two numeric variables used in the regression equation.

There is no statistically significant relationship between x and y. The more the training received, the higher the output. This is a high level of explained variation.

Hence training input is very beneficial to worker output and the training programmes should be continued. As inventory turnover increases, earnings yields also increases. Thus the business analyst's view is supported by the strong sample evidence. Hence inventory turnover has been shown to have a significant direct effect on a company's earnings yield. Yes, the regression equation can by used with confidence to estimate earnings yield based on a company's level of inventory turnover. Conclude that there is a strong positive association between inventory turnover and earnings yield.

Conclude that there is a strong direct association between age of machines and the level of annual maintance costs in Rands. Alternatively, for every year older, the annual maintenance costs increase by R5. The association between aptitude score and performance rating is not statistically significant.

Therefore, the call centre manager should have low confidence in this estimated performance rating score. Conclude that the overall model is statistically significant. For B : Since t-stat For C : Since t-stat 1.

For D : Since t-stat 1. Hence, do not reject H0 if Conclude the overall model is statistically significant. Satisfaction : Since t-stat Commitment : Since t-stat Yes, organisational commitment does play a statistically signficant role in explaining employee absenteeism see c , d and e above.

Speed : Since t-stat 3. Viscosity : Since t-stat 1. MB : Since —t-crit Marketing methods B and C can be combined as there is no statistically significant difference between them with regards to their average productivity levels across consultant.

MA : Since its p -value 0. MB : Since its p -value 0. R2 Cape : Since t-stat 1. Example A quantity index measures changes in consumption levels over time, holding prices constant. A price relative is a change in the level of activity of an item in a given period relative to a base period.

This removes the influence of price increases. SmartAccess on the other hand showed an increase in price from to of However, the number of Programmers, on the other hand, reduced by The price of the HQ32 printer cartridge has decreased by 4.

However, the average price of print cartridges decreased by 0. In , prices were 2. Baltic Insurance showed a 6. Hence Federal Insurance showed the bigger claims increase from to Hence Baltic Insurance. The largerst price change increase was sugar with a Quantity c Food items Relatives Milk litres 98 The largest consumption change decrease was sugar with a It is interesting to note that sugar showed the largest unit price increase while simultaneously recorded the largest decrease in consumption from to Electricity showed the smallest change increase of 6.

A slight increase of only 0. From to , however, the average cost of household utilities actually decreased marginally by 2. Only sewage showed a decline in usage by 5. Relative to unit costs, the cost of leather goods inputs was higher by 8.

Since , real salaries have declined relative to base and are continuing to fall further behind inflation CPI. Therefore multiply each previous year's budget by the next year's link relative index. The cost of coffee imports has increased by only In , motorcycles cost In , the annual year-on-year increase was only 0.

Thereafter unit sales, on average per model, increased by Thereafter costs declined steadily and ended the year 4. By December, composite costs were 3. Only in Feb decrease of 3. However output showed a steady decline in the second half of the year ending at only Thereafter coal production has been declining steadily. This could be evidence of a cyclical effect caused by economic cycles in the demand for coal worldwide.

Overall, a moderate upward cyclical trend. It is a good fitting graph. There is almost no growth in visitors over the past 3 years. This reduction could be due to the improved client communication strategy adopted by the company in recent years. There is a distinct cyclical pattern wih the longest lasting from period 7 to period The trend is linear and upward, and seasonal variations are consistent over time.

Hence Hillstone management could have high confidence in the estimates. It shows a steady upward trend with highly consistent seasonal variations.

Demand increases in the winter months Q3 and is lowest in the summer months Q1. Compound interest For each period, interest is computed on the original lump sum plus all accummulated interest of the preceeding periods. Ordinary annuity due - the series of regular payments take place at the beginning of each payment period.

Total repayment will be less than repaying at the end of every month. Redmond R. Download PDF. Everything you wanted to know about Data Analysis and Fitting by Peter Young - arXiv These notes discuss, in a style intended for physicists, how to average data and fit it to some functional form.

I try to make clear what is being calculated, what assumptions are being made, and to give a derivation of results. Topics: bayesian estimation, decision theory, prediction, hypothesis testing, hierarchical models, finite population inference, biased sampling and nonignorable nonresponse, etc. Using data analysis programs: dependent-samples t test. Designs with more than two dependent groups.

The big picture: selecting analyses and interpreting results for dependent-groups designs. Basic Concepts in Factorial Design. Rationale for Factorial Designs. Analyzing Factorial Designs.

Analyzing Independent-Groups Factorial Designs. Dependent-Groups Factorial Designs. Mixed Designs. The Big Picture: Embracing Complexity. Parametric Versus Nonparametric Statistics. Nonparametric Tests for Nominal Data. Formulas and calculations: chi-square test for independence. Using data analysis programs: chi-square test for independence. Nonparametric statistics for ordinal ranked data. The big picture: selecting parametric versus nonparametric tests.

Samples Versus Individuals. The Case Study. Single N Designs. Chapter How to Decide? Choosing a Research Design. Selecting Your Statistical Analyses. Supplements Student Study Site SAGE edge for Students provides a personalized approach to help students accomplish their coursework goals in an easy-to-use learning environment.

Mobile-friendly eFlashcards strengthen understanding of key terms and concepts. Mobile-friendly practice quizzes allow for independent assessment by students of their mastery of course material. Multimedia content includes videos that appeal to students with different learning styles plus links to relevant websites for additional resources for further research on important topics. Access to full-text SAGE journal articles that have been carefully selected to support and expand on the concepts presented in each chapter is included.

Datasets for accompanying material in the book are available for download. Instructor Teaching Site SAGE edge for Instructors supports your teaching by making it easy to integrate quality content and create a rich learning environment for students. Sample course syllabi for semester and quarter courses provide suggested models for structuring your courses. Access to full-text SAGE journal articles that have been carefully selected by the authors to support and expand on the concepts presented in each chapter, including accompanying exercises.

Data sets for accompanying material in the book are available for download. Solutions to the end-of-chapter exercises help assess student understanding of the material.

Charles Fountaine. University of Minnesota, Duluth.